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Malaria : Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Health Lav89 - Malaria : Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquitoes caused by parasitic protozoa with the type of Plasmodium. Symptoms of general malaria are fever and pain such as having a cold. The symptoms of malaria should not be regarded as the common cold because it can have dangerous effects. If not handled quickly and accurately, the symptoms of malaria that appear can cause severe complications that can lead to death.

Malaria is a disease of life-threatening red blood cells that are transmitted to humans by the Anopheles mosquito. After humans are bitten by mosquitoes, these malaria-causing parasites multiply in the human heart before infecting and destroying red blood cells.

Malaria is a disease that can be controlled and treated if diagnosed early. Unfortunately, this is not possible in some areas of the world lacking in medical facilities, where an outbreak of malaria can occur. At this time, the vaccine for this disease is still not found. Knowing the symptoms of malaria is one way to prevent malaria.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has targeted to reduce malaria cases and deaths by 90% by 2030. Malaria was first discovered to be a parasitic disease in 1880.

An estimated 3.3 billion people in 97 countries are at risk of malaria, almost half of the world's population. The incidence rate of malaria is estimated to have fallen 30% globally in 2000-2013, while the mortality rate due to malaria symptoms is estimated to decrease by 47% worldwide.

Causes of Malaria

The cause of malaria is the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, which is contained in the body of the Plasmodium parasite. Anopheles are the only mosquitoes that can transmit malaria parasites.

The success of malaria-causing parasites to develop in the mosquito's body depends on several factors, especially the humidity and temperature of the mosquito.

When infected mosquitoes bite humans, malaria-causing parasites enter the bloodstream, and become active in the liver. For the next 5-16 days after being bitten, a bitten human will begin to show symptoms.

New malaria parasites are then released back into the bloodstream from the liver to red blood cells and begin to multiply. Some of these malaria-causing parasites remain in the heart and are not released in time. When released at the appointed time, that is what is called recurrence.

There are more than 100 types of Plasmodium, but scientists have identified five types of Plasmodium that are specifically capable of infecting humans:

P. falciparum - This malaria-causing parasite is all over the world, but the majority is in Africa. An estimated 1 million people are killed because of this strain every year. This strain can multiply rapidly into severe malaria, for example, to attack the brain. However, this strain is unable to relapse.
P. vivax - located in Latin America, Africa and Asia, most in Asia. This strain has an active stage in the liver that can activate and attack blood after months or years, which is called relapse.
P. ovale - is located mainly in the West African region, biologically and morphologically very similar to P. vivax. This strain is capable of attacking negative Duffy blood type, which is a class in the majority of the sub-Saharan African population. This explains that the prevalence of this strain (not P. vivax) is mostly in Africa.
P. malariae - located throughout the world and the only malaria parasite that is active every 3 days. If left untreated, P. malariae can cause chronic infections that can last a lifetime.
P. knowlesi - located in Southeast Asia, is known to have a 24-hour cycle and, therefore, can multiply very quickly in patients. A fatal case of this strain was also reported.

Symptoms of Malaria, Know the Signs of Malaria

The symptoms of malaria or signs of malaria need to be known to anticipate and deal appropriately. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, signs of malaria or malaria symptoms are classified into two categories, namely simple and heavy.

Uncomplicated malaria is diagnosed if there are symptoms of malaria without clinical or laboratory signs to show vital organ dysfunction. Individuals who suffer can experience severe malaria if this simple malaria is not treated, or if they are not immune to fight disease.

Severe malaria is defined by clinical or laboratory evidence of vital organ dysfunction or failure. This type tends to be fatal if left untreated. The general picture of malaria symptoms is:

Fever and chills
Impaired consciousness to coma
Seizures
Respiratory disorders
Abnormal bleeding, such as anemia
Clinical jaundice and evidence of vital organ dysfunction

Diagnosis of Malaria

Early diagnosis of malaria is very important for the treatment of malaria. Every individual who shows signs of malaria and symptoms of this disease must be tested immediately. WHO highly recommends parasitological examination with a microscope or rapid diagnostic test (RDT / rapid diagnostic test). The choice of this method, of course, depends on the medical facilities available. RDT is more popular around the world because it is fast and easy.

Treatment of Malaria

If you don't receive malaria treatment, this malaria disease can have very dangerous consequences. Although many steps have been taken, the vaccine for this disease is still not found. However, this disease can be treated with medication.

The aim of treating malaria is to remove Plasmodium parasites from the patient's bloodstream. Thus, the risk of disease transmission can be reduced with this malaria treatment.

Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is recommended by WHO for the treatment of malaria. Artemisinin comes from the Artemisia annua plant, and is known for its ability to reduce the number of Plasmodium parasites in the bloodstream quickly.

ACT can be combined with other drugs as a partner drug for the treatment of malaria. The role of artemisinin is to reduce the number of parasites in the first three days while the partner drug eliminates the rest.

The combination of ACT is the first time malaria treatment can be done. For the second treatment and for pregnant women and children, quinine and partner drugs are recommended.

lav89 9/19/2018 CB Blogger Indonesia

Malaria : Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

lav89 disease

9/19/2018

Malaria : Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Health Lav89 - Malaria : Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Malaria is a disease transmitted by ...

High Cholesterol, Causes of Stroke and Heart Attack

Health Lav89 - High Cholesterol, Causes of Stroke and Heart Attack. Unhealthy lifestyles and frequent consumption of unhealthy foods can increase cholesterol levels in the body. Cholesterol is needed by the body, but if excessive levels can make the organs of the body not function properly. Bad cholesterol is called Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL forms a layer in the walls of blood vessels, causing blood vessels to become narrow and blood cells difficult to flow.

Therefore, it is very important to maintain and prevent cholesterol from increasing so that the body's health is maintained. Excessive cholesterol in the body will cause many complications of dangerous diseases.

Here are some diseases caused by high cholesterol levels in the body.

Coronary heart disease

One of the diseases that is very related to high cholesterol is coronary heart disease. The high level of cholesterol in the body also increases the risk of heart attacks. A high amount of cholesterol can make blood vessels hard and narrow, slowing blood flow to the heart. As a result, a heart attack occurs when a blood vessel is completely blocked.

Because it is very important to prevent excess cholesterol in the body by consuming high-fiber foods and exercising so you avoid diseases like this.

Stroke

Like heart disease, a stroke can occur due to disruption of blood flow. High cholesterol levels in the body will constrict blood vessels, so that blood carries oxygen and nutrients cannot flow smoothly into the brain.

When the brain does not get the oxygen and nutrients needed to work to regulate all organs in the body, a stroke will occur and can have very dangerous consequences. So that you don't have a stroke, avoid consuming foods that can trigger high blood pressure and blockage of blood vessels.

High blood pressure

Preventing cholesterol also means preventing high blood pressure (hypertension). When blood vessels constrict due to cholesterol plaques, the heart will work harder to pump blood. As a result, blood pressure becomes higher, and complications can occur in other diseases.

Regular exercise and consuming fruits or nuts that are low in calories can prevent your body from high blood pressure and its complications.

lav89 9/17/2018 CB Blogger Indonesia

High Cholesterol, Causes of Stroke and Heart Attack

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9/17/2018

High Cholesterol, Causes of Stroke and Heart Attack Health Lav89 - High Cholesterol, Causes of Stroke and Heart Attack. Unhealthy life...

4 Interesting Facts From Bedbugs When Traveling

Health Lav89 - 4 Interesting Facts From Bedbugs When Traveling. You are not the only person in the world who has an annoying experience when dealing with bed bugs. Have you ever thought about it, what was the cause of bed bugs? or Where does the bedbug come from?

Do you know?

Bed bugs are 'uninvited guests' at home who often get carried away when you are on vacation
Bed bugs are also known as pests that often stick to and move from clothes or bags carried onto planes. The bad news, there have been many victims of bedbug bites found on airplanes.

Holidays should be fun without having to deal with problems due to bed bugs. However, if you are thinking of canceling the intention of vacationing because to avoid bedbug bites, of course, this is also not the right thing and guarantees you safe from bed bugs.

In addition to being carried away from bags or clothes, bed bugs can also move places from human to human. This means, as long as there are humans or human contact with the surface, the risk of bedbug bites will always appear in your home or office.

Fact 1: Bed bugs are not attracted to dirt, but are attracted to the warmth of the human body

Unlike other common pests such as cockroaches or mice that are attracted to dirt, bedbugs prefer the heat and warmth of the human body. So, understanding that a clean hotel or resort is a safe place from bedbugs is a big mistake.

Bed bugs need blood to survive (similar to female mosquitoes that eat human blood to get protein), and it's no wonder why bedrooms, especially sleeping areas where human heat is detected are high-risk areas of bedbug bites.

Fact 2: The suitcase deposited in hotel reception is the cause of bedbugs

Who doesn't like additional services so that hotel staff can bring your luggage to the room or enjoy the convenience of luggage storage at the hotel reception?

Think about these habits again. Even though you have been careful about sanitary conditions in your baggage, there is no guarantee that bed bugs will not be carried in your bag or suitcase during the reception at the reception.

Fact 3: How often is the mattress cleaned

Routine cleaning activities in the room, including the replacement of bed sheets regularly and vacuuming the room thoroughly can minimize bedbug bites. During the cleansing process, signs of the presence of bedbugs may be visible to you. You can consult this problem with the pest control service that you trust. They can prevent and eliminate bed bugs as quickly as possible for you.

Fact 4: The risk of bedbug bite is much higher in a place with cold temperatures with a high occupancy rate

The hotel lobby and lounge room are places that often await many people while waiting for the hotel check-in process. With the large number of visitors coming from various parts of the world, we cannot control the spread of cross-contamination between one individual and another.

In addition to being attracted to the temperature of the human body, bed bugs are also able to survive in freezing temperatures. So do not be surprised when frequent bedbug bites occur on sofa chairs with comfortable armrests and cold room temperature.

lav89 9/16/2018 CB Blogger Indonesia

4 Interesting Facts From Bedbugs When Traveling

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9/16/2018

4 Interesting Facts From Bedbugs When Traveling Health Lav89 - 4 Interesting Facts From Bedbugs When Traveling. You are not the only p...

Hypertension Warning Signs that Must Be Observe Early

Health Lav89 - Hypertension Warning Signs that Must Be Observe Early. Of all the health problems that dominate the world of modern health, hypertension is one of the most challenging diseases. Not only because hypertension has a lot of rows due to its complications, this disease can also cause a myriad of problems that interfere with the heart, kidneys, brain, and even the eyes. Therefore, it is very important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypertension as early as possible to reduce the risk of complications from this disease in the future.

Blood Pressure Measurement from Hypertension

Hypertension can be interpreted simply as abnormally high blood pressure. Blood pressure refers to blood pressure against the walls of the arteries when pumped out of your heart.

The Blood pressure is said to be normal if it shows a number below 120/80 mmHg. If your systolic blood pressure measurement falls between 120-129 mmHg, you are considered to have increased blood pressure. This means that you have not suffered from hypertension, but you may experience this condition in the future.

While a person is said to have hypertension if the results of blood pressure measurements show a figure of 130/80 mmHg or higher.

Dangers of Complications from Hypertension

After high blood pressure occurs, other parts of the body will slowly begin to experience interference. Hypertension forces the heart muscle to work harder to push blood through the arteries, which causes the heart muscle to thicken. Although we usually think that bigger muscles are a good thing, but not for the heart muscle. Enlarged and thickened heart muscle does not have good quality for pumping blood.

Thickened heart muscle will cause the heart to have difficulty pumping blood, which in turn triggers heart failure. In addition, high blood pressure can also cause the arteries surrounding the heart to harden, eventually a heart attack.

A surge of blood pressure can also weaken blood vessels in the kidneys, which are the organs responsible for cleaning up dirt from the body. If blood vessels begin to interfere, then this also affects kidney function which allows harmful toxins to accumulate in the bloodstream. If kidney failure occurs, you will need a kidney transplant or dialysis, which is a treatment that involves cleaning the kidneys with the help of a dialysis machine.

In addition to threatening some of the most vital organs in the body, hypertension is also a major cause of stroke. When blood is pushed through the vessels with abnormal strength, weak blood vessels that pass through the brain will rupture. If a vessel ruptures, blood will quickly leak into the brain and then cause you to suffer a stroke. High blood pressure can also damage blood vessels in the eye, which causes blurred vision or even blindness.

How to find signs and symptoms of hypertension

As mentioned in the review above, you may be completely unaware that you have dangerous high blood pressure. The main reason for this problem is that undiagnosed hypertension often does not display signs and symptoms. The only way to ensure signs and symptoms of hypertension is through regular blood pressure tests.

Although many people experience hypertension without clear warning signs, you may experience symptoms that indicate an unhealthy level of blood pressure. People in this category often have blood pressure that is much higher than 120/80 mmHg.

The following are some of the most common signs and symptoms of hypertension that may occur:

Severe headaches
Blurred vision
Bloody urine
Pain in the chest area
Difficulty breathing
Irregular heartbeat
Throbbing on the chest, neck or ears

Everyone needs different blood pressure checks. In general, if you are worried about your current blood pressure level, you can immediately check and consult a doctor.

lav89 9/15/2018 CB Blogger Indonesia

Hypertension Warning Signs that Must Be Observe Early

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9/15/2018

Hypertension Warning Signs that Must Be Observe Early Health Lav89 - Hypertension Warning Signs that Must Be Observe Early. Of all the...

Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

Health Lav89 - Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs. The cause of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. tuberculosis is a multisystemic disease with various clinical forms. Tuberculosis is the most common cause of death worldwide associated with infectious diseases.

Tuberculosis cases are increasing in all parts of the world. Tuberculosis is a disease that is often found in many countries, especially in developing countries. In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis are also increasing throughout the world. The incompetence of antibiotic drugs against tuberculosis is due to co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is now increasingly widespread. Thus, the regimen of early detection of HIV and tuberculosis is cross-linked, namely patients affected by tuberculosis must be checked for HIV, and patients who are exposed to HIV must be checked for tuberculosis.

Causes of tuberculosis

The cause of tuberculosis is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis germ that is acid-resistant (basil) rod. This bacterium is dangerous because it does not only nest in the lungs, but also in other organs besides the lungs, from the lining of the brain to the bones. To avoid the possibility of exposure to tuberculosis bacteria, you should avoid contact with things that are exposed to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis as much as possible.

Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis

It should be emphasized that the signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adults are very different. In children, symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis do not need to cough, but if at home or there is a history of exposure to people who have already experienced symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, and the child has symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis in the form of growth disorders, decreased appetite, fever for 2 weeks, then It is best to do Mantoux Test at the nearest health center.

Whereas in adults, the classic clinical picture associated with symptoms of active pulmonary tuberculosis is as follows:

Cough.
Weight loss / anorexia.
Fever.
Night sweats.
Hemoptysis / coughing up blood.
Chest pain (also can result from acute tuberculous pericarditis).
Fatigue.

Tuberculosis is a disease that must be watched out. In addition to the lungs, tuberculosis can spread to other organs such as the lining of the brain called tuberculous meningitis, to the bone called Pott's disease, in the urinary tract organs, of the joints, and so on. This depends on endurance and speed of diagnosis among patients.

Symptoms of tuberculous meningitis may include the following:

Intermittent or persistent headaches for 2-3 weeks. Mild mental status changes that can continue into a coma for a period of days to weeks. A fever that is not too high.

Symptoms of bone tuberculosis, called Pott's disease:

Back pain or back stiffness.
Lower limb paralysis below. Half of patients with Pott's disease are undiagnosed
Tuberculous arthritis, usually involving only 1 joint (most often the hip or knee, followed by ankles, elbows, wrists and shoulders)

Symptoms of genitourinary tuberculosis may include the following:

Low back pain.
Dysuria.
Frequent urination.
In men, painful scrotal masses, prostatitis, orchitis and epididymitis.
In women, symptoms such as pelvic inflammatory disease.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal tuberculosis refer to infected sites and may include the following:

Nonhealing boils in the mouth or anus.
Difficulty swallowing (with esophageal disease).
Abdominal pain mimics peptic ulcer disease (with gastric or duodenal infections).
Malabsorption (with small intestinal infections).
Pain, diarrhea, or hematochezia (with infection of the large intestine).

If you find these symptoms, see your doctor immediately. Later, the doctor will check through a series of anamnesis (interviews) and physical examination. The physical examination findings associated with tuberculosis are dependent on the organs involved. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis may have the following signs:

Abnormal breath is heard, especially the upper lobe or the area involved.
Rales or bronchial breath signs, indicating pulmonary consolidation.

Signs of tuberculosis differ according to the network involved and may include the following:

Decreased consciousness to coma.
Neurological deficit.
Chorioretinitis (inflammation of the retina of the eye).
Lymphadenopathy.
Skin lesions.

The absence of significant physical findings does not necessarily rule out the presence of active tuberculosis. The better immunity or immune power, the symptoms and signs tend to be more visible. However, the worse or weaker the immune system, the symptoms and signs may not appear. This is actually dangerous, because often tuberculosis are a new disease that shows symptoms when it appears in a heavier degree. Patients who tend to have weak immunity are HIV patients, patients who are undergoing chemotherapy, and patients with diabetes.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

The screening methods for tuberculosis are as follows:

Mantoux tuberculin skin test with purified protein derivatives for active or latent infection (main method).
Checking phlegm patients in patients with symptoms of coughing.
HIV serology in all patients with tuberculosis and HIV status is unknown: Individuals infected with HIV are at an increased risk for tuberculosis.
Chest X-ray to see pulmonary features in tuberculosis patients.

If the results of the bacterial culture are positive there are tuberculosis bacteria, then it must be followed by testing what antibiotics are suitable for tuberculosis suffered by these patients. However, this test is usually done if the treatment of first-line tuberculosis does not work so patients are categorized into patients who fail first-line treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Whereas if the lesion is outside the lung, the examination is more complex, which includes:

Biopsy of bone marrow, liver, or blood culture.
If tuberculous or tuberculoma meningitis is suspected.
If vertebral (Pott's disease) or suspected brain involvement, CT or MRI is needed.
If complaints about genitourinary, routine urine examination and urine culture can be done.

Treatment of Lung Tuberculosis

Actions that can be taken to treat pulmonary tuberculosis are:

Ideally, the treatment of tuberculosis patients is isolated in a room with negative pressure.
Using a disposable mask that is enough to filter basil.
Continue isolation until negative smear for 3 consecutive phlegm examinations (usually after about 2-4 weeks of treatment).

The pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimen has several categories and lines. For the first time tuberculosis cases, tuberculosis treatment was carried out for 6 months. Empirical treatment begins with a 4-drug isoniazid, rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol or streptomycin regimen. This therapy will be adjusted according to the results of susceptibility and toxicity tests. Pregnant women, children, HIV-infected patients, and patients infected with drug-resistant strains require a different regimen.

Prophylactic treatment is a treatment given to patients who have not yet established a diagnosis of tuberculosis, but have the potential to contract. For example, pregnant women who are at home with a tuberculosis husband, or a small child whose parents live at home and contract tuberculosis.

Special considerations for drug therapy in pregnant women include the following:

Pyrazinamide is reserved for women suspected of MDR tuberculosis
Streptomycin should not be used.
Prophylactic medication is recommended during pregnancy.
Pregnant women who take isoniazid will experience liver toxicity (hepatotoxic).
Breastfeeding can be continued during prophylactic therapy.

Special considerations for drug therapy in children include the following:

Most children with tuberculosis can be treated with isoniazid and rifampicin for 6 months, along with Pyrazinamide for the first 2 months, depending also on the results of the bacterial culture.For tuberculosis after birth, the duration of treatment can be increased to 9 or 12 months.Ethambutol is often avoided in children because of its disturbing effect on the sense of sight.

There are special considerations for drug therapy in HIV-infected patients in the form of dose adjustments and selected drug regimens.

The main problem in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is the length of treatment so that the level of patient compliance tends to decrease. This triggers resistance to germs so the initial antibiotics do not work. Patients who experience resistance are called MDR tuberculosis cases. For cases of MDR tuberculosis, treatment will be much more difficult, with a longer duration, a higher mortality rate, and the drug is not just taken, but there are also injectable drugs. The spread of tuberculosis is faster because of the increase in HIV cases and the non-compliance of patients in taking tuberculosis drugs.

lav89 9/13/2018 CB Blogger Indonesia

Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

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9/13/2018

Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Health Lav89 - Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Tuberc...

Drinking Lots of Water is the Fastest Way to Lose Weight

Health Lav89 - Drinking Lots of Water is the Fastest Way to Lose Weight. In addition to regulating your diet and exercising regularly, one of the things you need to do so that you can lose weight fast is to drink lots of water. Water is very good for the body not only as a catalyst, but also a substance that supports weight loss.

Water is white and does not have calories, but it is very good to give a feeling of fullness in the stomach. While you are interested in snacking, it is better to divert the desire by drinking lots of water. Drink plenty of water not only prevents you from overeating but also keeps the body from dehydration.

Not only that, enough water is also needed by the body to run an optimal body metabolism. When functioning in supporting weight loss, water can reduce distended stomachs. Water will suppress the gas in the stomach to get out so that the stomach will be flat and does not store gas.

Personal trainers of Hollywood artists, Kyle Brown C.S.C.S., suggest drinking one liter of water per 50 pounds (25 kg) of your body weight per day. So, if you have a weight of 65 kg, then the water you have to consume per day is around 2.6 liters per day. Not so much actually, especially if you are used to it.

If you are not used to drinking lots of water, start getting used to it in a simple way, such as drinking a glass of water immediately after waking up. Then drink one more glass before breakfast. Follow by drinking 2-3 glasses of water before lunch. Then drink another 2-3 glasses of water after lunch until late afternoon. At night before dinner, drink another glass of water, and drink more before going to bed.

If the above rules cannot be applied at once, get used to it slowly. Because after all, in general white water has been needed by the body to get rid of toxins compared to its needs as a supporter of losing weight. Lack of drinking water can cause kidney problems, unhealthy skin and other health problems.

In order to maintain a good habit of drinking water every day, be sure to bring a bottle of drinking water wherever you go. lav89 9/12/2018 CB Blogger Indonesia

Drinking Lots of Water is the Fastest Way to Lose Weight